Personal Guarantee Insurance for Doctors, Investors, Business Owners

REAL ESTATE #2Personal Guarantee Insurance for Doctors (and everyone else)

Source: Physicians Practice

Non-medical business exposures that threaten doctors’ financial solvency continue to grow in scope and number. This week we take a look a relatively new type of risk-management product:

Personal Guarantee (PG) Insurance.

We’ve covered both exposure related to residential and commercial real estate debt and other

non-medical liabilities that have been financially fatal to doctors in previous columns. These types of

general business exposures, along with increased regulatory risks on issues like HIPAA, Medicare

billing, and RAC audits, along with employment-related lawsuits, now pose a threat to your practice

that must be given the gravity of a dreaded malpractice claim itself. In fact, in my personal

experience working with physicians in every state over the last ten years, as statistically real as

malpractice claims are, I’ve seen far more business- and risk-related crises than catastrophic

medical malpractice claims.

 

What is PG Insurance?

It’s a form of fully underwritten insurance coverage that can cover 30 percent to 70 percent of your

debt liability on a specific loan, depending on the policy and features you pay for.

 

What kinds of loans are covered?

The insurance is available for both individual loan/borrower scenarios and those related to a business

you own in which you might have several partners or be subject to joint and several liability. It may

also be available if you are a third-party guarantor on the debt of another, as in situations where you

may have “co-signed” to help a family member get credit. Loan amounts run from around $750K to

multiple millions of dollars.

 

What does it cost?

It depends. Like any other form of valid insurance it is underwritten specifically to you, the property,

dollar amount, and so on. The premium you pay is based on these risk factors.

 

Does it last the entire term of the loan?

No. At this point it seems to be re-underwritten every year based on your income, property value

and other factors relating to creditworthiness.

 

Can I get it if I’m already in trouble or worried?

Probably not. The insurance company only wins if they odds are heavily in their favor and they only

insure people and loans unlikely to default and well collateralized by the property itself. The

insurance company has credit, earnings, and other requirements including a required seven-figure

(corporate) earnings history and wants you to have been producing at that level for several years.

This requirement may sound very limited but most commercial credit, including loan underwriting

itself, has similar standards.

 

Personal Guarantees (PGs) always need to be entered into carefully and with advance legal counsel.

While my preference would be always be for non-collateralized, non-recourse loans that don’t subject

your other assets to any legal risk, those types of loans are a rarity and are growing increasingly so.

No. At this point it seems to be re-underwritten every year based on your income, property value

and other factors relating to creditworthiness.

 

In most cases the loan is guaranteed by both the property itself and your personal guarantee, backed by your other available assets, to make up any shortfall between the liquidation value of the property and what you borrowed to begin with. In this column on several previous occasions we have addressed the issue of this liability and have always advised that physicians carefully limit the guarantees as much as possible to very specific dollar limits or specific assets used as collateral and to avoid the dreaded “joint and several liability” scenario. If possible, limit your debt liability in the loan contract itself to a dollar amount that is equivalent to the percentage of what you actually own, not the entire loan. More specifically, for instance, don’t sign a loan that makes you liability for an entire $3MM dollar loan when your 20 percent is worth only $600K.

 

As we’ve seen over the last six years in particular, what seems like a “sure thing” on residential or

commercial property can quickly become a bottomless pit of liability if the market changes and

values drop. In situations like this and several others being able to transfer some of that risk to a

third party for a finite cost becomes an intelligent way to limit your risks.

 

I must point out that this coverage is new so there is not any credible history of claims payment to

point to and that at present it is offered by only one carrier but re-sold by many insurance agencies

including some very reputable national agencies. I rely on their due diligence and the assumption

that claims will actually be paid for purposes of this discussion. We will continue to watch as this new

category of risk management evolves and becomes an important part of any doctor, business owner or real estate investor’s asset protection plan.

 

Source URL: http://www.physicianspractice.com/personal-guarantee-insurance-doctors

 

HOW TO MINIMIZE OR ELIMINATE TAX LIABILITY REGARDING MORTGAGE DEBT FORGIVENESS

This week we take a look at the tax liability associated with mortgage debt forgiveness and how it can be reduced or eliminated. Given what’s happened in the real estate market over the last six years of the recession this is a vital issue for both casual investors and real estate professionals like developers and builders. Arizona real estate attorney Chris Charles with the law firm of Davis Miles is our guest author. – Ike Devji

Attorney Christopher Charles

Attorney Christopher Charles

 

The general rule is that the forgiveness of debt is a taxable event.  26 U.S.C.   § 61(a)(12).  Debt forgiveness is included within the taxpayer’s gross income. For example, if I loan my uncle $100,000 to open a new fast food franchise and then later, I hit the Powerball and subsequently tell my brother not to worry about repaying the $100,000 loan, the I.R.S. will deem the $100,000 loan as taxable income for my brother. 

The 2007 Mortgage Debt Relief Act

 Important exceptions to the general rule, however, apply to mortgage debt forgiveness.  Notably, pursuant to the 2007 Mortgage Debt Relief Act (the “Act”), the forgiveness of debt concerning a “qualified principal residence” is excluded from income tax.  26 U.S.C. §108.   This essentially means that there is no tax liability on the short sale difference or foreclosure deficiency of a qualified principal residence. In order to qualify as a “qualified principal residence,” the loan must have been used to purchase or “substantially improve” the taxpayer’s principal residence.  Principal residence is defined as the residence where the taxpayer has resided for a “period aggregating two of the last five years.”

The Act has three major limitations: (1) it sunsets at the end of 2013; (2) it does not apply to commercial properties; and (3) it only applies to the taxpayer’s primary residence.

Fortunately, many property owners in Arizona can benefit from other exclusions under the tax code without the need to rely on the Act.

The Insolvency Exception

For example, if the taxpayer is insolvent at the time of the mortgage debt forgiveness, the taxpayer can exclude liability for the debt forgiveness, even if the property is an investment property or vacation home.  26 U.S.C. §108(a)(1)(B).

The IRS’s definition of insolvency essentially means that the total sum of the taxpayer’s liabilities exceeds the total sum of the fair market value of the taxpayer’s assets, on the date immediately preceding the debt forgiveness.

The Bankruptcy Exception

Also, if the debt is discharged in bankruptcy, then there is no liability for the debt forgiveness, as long as the taxpayer filed the petition for bankruptcy before the debt forgiveness, e.g. before the completion of the short sale or foreclosure.

Capital Loss May Offset Any Debt Forgiveness Income Tax

Further, even if the Act does not apply, and if neither of the above exclusions apply, the taxpayer may be able to claim a capital loss regarding the disposition of the property, which may offset any debt forgiveness in regard to an investment property.

Non-Recourse Debt Exception

Finally – and perhaps most importantly in Arizona – there is no tax liability for mortgage debt forgiveness regarding “non-recourse debt.” Treas. Reg. § 1.1001-2(a)(2) and (c), Ex. 8; see also Rev. Rul. 90-16, 1990-1 C.B. 12.  Non-recourse debt means that the creditor can seize only the property that secures the loan, even if the fair market value of the property is not sufficient to cover the loan balance.  Non-recourse debt can be the result of express contract or the result of statute, as in the case of Arizona’s anti-deficiency statutes.

Thus, even if the Act expires and none of the above exemptions apply, the taxpayer may still have arguments to exclude tax liability for mortgage debt forgiveness if the loan is non-recourse under Arizona law. The Arizona appellate courts have broadly interpreted Arizona’s anti-deficiency statutes and recently extended their protection to vacant land in some cases.  See M & I Marshall and Ilsley Bank v. Mueller, 228 Ariz. 478, 268 P.3d 1135 (App. 2011).

Even if the loan is non-recourse, the lender will still issue the IRS Form 1099-A or 1099-C by February 2nd of the year following the mortgage forgiveness.

 1099-C

 

 

 

 

 

Importantly, the issuance of the 1099 is not dispositive on the issue of whether any tax is owed.  Instead, the taxpayer can respond to the 1099 with the Form 982 and identify which of the above exceptions apply and identify why no tax is owed.

 FORM 982

 

 

 

 

In sum, although the forgiveness of debt may create tax liability, taxpayers have several options for avoiding liability.  Please visit Mr. Charles’ attorney page at www.davismiles.com to download a free manual regarding mortgage debt forgiveness.

Christopher Charles is an experienced real estate lawyer and a former “Broker Hotline Attorney” for the Arizona Association of REALTORS® (AAR).  He is a Partner with the law firm Davis Miles McGuire Gardner, PLLC where he serves as the chair of the Real Estate Practice Group. Mr. Charles is an Arbitrator and Mediator for AAR regarding real estate disputes; he serves on the State Bar of Arizona Civil Jury Instructions Committee where he helped draft the Agency Instructions and the Residential Landlord/Tenant Eviction Jury Instructions. 

Mr. Charles is a licensed real estate instructor and teaches continuing education classes at the Arizona School of Real Estate and Business. For a list of upcoming speaking engagements, please visit www.davismiles.com.  he can be reached at ccharles@davismiles.com

 

Asset Protection Trust Jurisdictions For Doctors Part 2: Going Offshore

OFFSHORE TRUSTSLast week marked the second chapter of our discussion of asset protection trusts for doctors, with a look some basic issues of jurisdiction, that is, what geographic location’s set of laws control the trust. For those who want a potentially higher degree of security with a longer track record, offshore tools like international asset protection trusts (IAPTs) are often attractive. 

 

Although painted in a negative light in recent popular lore because of issues with large numbers of tax evaders (many of who are American doctors) the defensive value of the IAPT remains intact. The simple mistake made by most of the people you read about having trouble with offshore accounts can be reduced to simply failing to report the accounts as the law requires. You do have a well-established right to have offshore bank accounts and trusts and the event of moving money to a foreign bank account owned by a trust or held personally as we covered in our previous article on offshore finance is typically not taxable in and of itself. 

A large number of successful American doctors set up this kind of defensive planning in the first place because they lack full confidence in the often inconsistent and subjective nature of the American court system and are unwilling to remain exposed to any claim or lawsuit that may come along, regardless of its validity and amount. One of the questions that I’ve asked clients pondering the domestic vs. foreign asset protection trust question is this: If you feel you that ensuring your life’s efforts against the above mentioned exposures in the U.S. court system is a good idea, does it make sense to rely on that very same system’s laws and subjective judgment in the planning you implement against it? While opinions and tactics vary widely among planners not all of those strong opinions are backed by actual long-term experience; make sure the answers you are getting actually are.

There are many international jurisdictions to choose from when creating an IAPT ranging from familiar Caribbean islands to Belize, Jersey, The Isle of Mann and the Cook Islands, one of my personal favorites. Some jurisdictions (especially many of the romanticized Caribbean ones) are now too close and connected to the United States to provide the full value of an offshore trust structure and others may be too remote, politically unstable or under-developed to provide many westerners comfort. This author’s personal experience with several thousand of these structures has been to use a remote but well-established protective jurisdiction staffed by top international banks and trust companies that controls assets housed in first-world, European-state-owned and insured banks. These provide superior solvency risk and political stability.  Banks such as these provide the many layers of protection and part of the system of checks and balances so important when moving your assets.

Once assets are moved, the “investment advisor” to the trust can allocate the trust’s assets to nearly any imaginable conventional investment and a few you can’t participate in directly as an individual U.S. citizen. In addition to the basic legitimate business purposes of wealth preservation and estate planning, the IAPT is also gaining popularity with those who have concerns about having their entire investment portfolio here in the United States. Currency stability as well as social political and economic variables have prompted more Americans than ever before to investigate these options over the last five years.

The costs and legal formalities, as well as the history and legal protection afforded, vary widely between jurisdictions, so it’s important to work with an experienced planner that has full range of required support resources like banks, trust companies, protectors, and investment advisors. As always, timing is key, so looking at these tools after an exposure has occurred dramatically reduces their effectiveness and legality.  In this limited forum we can’t possibly cover every detail, so get personalized professional legal help when examining this important asset protection strategy or any other.

 

 

What Could Bravo’s ‘The Queen of Versailles’ have to do with Asset Protection?

WEALTH IN AMERICAQuite a bit actually as it shows the stupidity of reckless excess spending, the importance of having cash (even for the rich) and the failure of most contemporary estate planners and business lawyers to plan ahead and think defensively, yes even the super smart ones who work only with rich people. – Ike Devji

 

The Queen of Versailles traces the lives of billionaires Jackie and David Siegel who have made their fortune from their Westgate Resorts time-share business in Florida. The film begins as they embark on the construction of what was to be the largest home in America — a 90,000 square foot dream home. But the one thing that their blue prints did not plan for was the devastating financial crisis as their extravagant plans are put on hold as a result of the economic collapse. The film captures the strain on the Siegel’s lifestyle, family life and marriage as Jackie tries to hold fast to their dreams while David’s time-share empire confronts a massive credit crunch.

See the whole story about the movie here: http://www.bravotv.com/blogs/the-dish/the-queen-of-versailles-makes-its-tv-debut-on-bravo 

And below is more about what David Siegel and his counsel either didn’t know or forgot. I sent the first version of this to my clients and associates in 2007-2008:

The right financial advice matters now more than ever. We have seen that at the worst, some clients lost as much as 60% of their investment portfolios due to the market and their investment allocations while others were down only a fraction of what the market lost and are relatively free of anxiety. Why the huge disparity in results between advisors? What we see is that it is relatively easy to make money in good times by using a simple allocation table that at first glance seems well diversified between different types of investments such as technology, energy and etc. What those plans, such as the ones we see from big commercial brokerage firms or “wire-houses” are typically lacking in is a good down-market strategy that values principal protection as highly as it does growth. There are ways to get all or most of the market growth available with guaranteed rates of return or principal guarantees. These types of strategies, when properly allocated are the backbone of what saved the second, more fortunate group of investors described above. These clients are not only whole or close to it, but are now poised and financially equipped to take advantage of emerging opportunities.

Again, as the economy and income and profit slow, never taking a step back, or at least taking as few as possible, becomes more important than ever before. Remember, a portfolio that is down 50% will need to DOUBLE to get back to where it was. How long did it take you to double your money the last time? Do you have that kind of time left? If you don’t like the way you answered those questions for yourself, perhaps it’s time to take a good look at how you are structured and what kind of stop-loss measures you have in place. In many cases it is not too late to make some positive changes and “buy and wait” is not the right answer for every investor or every investment.

NOW is always the best time to act on preventative legal planning.

Over teh last six year in particular we have seen many successful people who always meant to complete essential planning like Asset Protection and advanced Estate Planning precluded from doing so either wholly or completely. In some cases their unexpected legal exposures made the planning ineffective or illegal, in others their financial positions in terms of debt, credit and cash flow changed so rapidly they were locked out.

We understand that doing this kind of planning takes time, energy, and resources that are already scarce for the dynamic individuals we work with, and that it seems to lack the kind of time sensitivity that other matters, like responding to a lawsuit, would justify. The real truth however is that every day that passes without these issues being properly addressed jeopardizes your net worth and your family’s security, the thing that many of you are working so hard to create.

We have countless stories from the last 6 months alone of fortunes lost because of the way easily protectable assets were held and exposed to creditors; families thrown into crisis when the bread winner passes away in an accident without adequate estate planning and life insurance or is disabled without disability coverage in place and unexpected liabilities taking away dreams.

We equate this lack of attention to these issues to driving to work every day on a busy freeway without auto insurance or operating without a malpractice policy in place. These are odds that most cannot afford to bet on. Take the time and make the investment in YOURSELF and the years you have put into your current level of success and address these issues now. Preserving what you already have when money is harder to make is a good first step.

No program lasts forever, when the door is open seize the opportunity. Many of the most productive and sophisticated wealth preservation techniques have disappeared or slowed to a crawl as the banking and insurance industries continue to be devastated. Even clients with nine-figure net worth levels are having trouble obtaining the kind of low cost financing that was available for them to help leverage their wealth and avoid estate taxes just a few years ago. Add to that increasingly stringent underwriting by insurance companies and you have the worst possible storm for the affluent. We are now in the unfortunate position of having to tell many of those we counseled on these issues a year ago and who skeptically heard us say that there was a time pressure involved that the programs are not available or that they are no longer qualified under more stringent underwriting guidelines.

We like leveraging wealth and using credit, but you must have a disaster plan. Those in the real-estate business are the most obvious example of what a lack of credit and financing can do, but all types of industries have been crippled by current economic conditions. We have many of the most successful real estate professionals in the country as clients and have felt and shared their pain. What has been less obvious is the impact on other businesses like shipping, dining, small businesses that rely on services and discretionary income, banking, appraisal services, elective medical procedures, health and beauty businesses, the list is infinite.

We have seen that those who have weathered this storm most effectively and with a minimum amount of trauma shared several characteristics:

- They and their advisors were aware of potential exposures and were proactive in addressing them;

- They are able to make their personal, family overhead commitments from existing resources for an extended period of time, even without additional cash flow;

- They were willing and able to adjust their lifestyles and expenditures to current economic conditions;

- They lived very well, but well within their means, as opposed to at the limits of their means;

– They had assets that allowed them to meet existing business financing burdens and other fixed costs in a form that they were able to liquidate at minimal delay and expense;

- They had top counsel in place on tax, business and estate issues, and that counsel used a variety of BOTH legal and tactical financial strategies that not only served the primary goals but also protected those assets for the family. Some examples are the use of Insurance and Annuity Products and ILITs and Split Dollar agreements that preserve certain assets for the family by statute;

- They had great credit and relationships with banks that allowed them to agree on terms that were best for all parties involved, and had these relationships with several institutions;

- They had long term assets that were able to be made liquid with minimal penalty and delay, despite that liquidation not being part of the original plan, i.e. long term investments with an escape or liquidity plan built in;

No business is recession proof. Diversify and properly insulate your income streams if possible and be ready to be flexible and spot ways to identify new opportunities for your business and your skill set.
Realize that your niche, as you have defined it, may come to an end and know when to direct your assets and energy to those new opportunities. As examples, some of our clients who were major players in single family housing are now in the “economy” apartment market segment and are doing well. Doctors are expanding their practices and adding high value cash services like medically supervised weight loss to practices that were focused solely in other areas. Others have created booming new businesses like debt and credit repair that directly reflect the current economy.

Don’t take your market position for granted. In a down economy discount solution, product and service providers emerge in every market. These competitors will be selling price first and many consumers won’t see the differences until they have been poorly served and you have lost the business. Some steps to fight this:

- Make sure that your network and professional relationships are as strong and developed now as they were before you reached your current level of success;
- Look for ways to distinguish yourself and your business and maintain the highest standards of professionalism and service;
- Look for every way to add value and collaborate with other top services providers you work with so that you are a natural and logical part of every project or client they are involved with. Become part of a best of class team of teams that delivers the highest value to the consumer. This is true of everything from medical services to commercial contracting;
- Continue to be the best, or at least great at what you do. “Good enough” should not be part of your vocabulary.

Guard your credit like gold. Good credit has always been important on both personal and business fronts, but it is now more important that ever. As credit markets have tightened even the wealthy are having trouble obtaining credit for every day issues like home and auto purchase or leasing. Banks are scared and have pulled in the reigns on lending to all but those who have sterling credit, “good” is no longer good enough. They are also using late payments of any kind to move to the default interest rates permissible under various types on loan and consumer credit agreements as a way to generate fees and increase revenue internally. On a personal level this could mean that your VISA ay 8.9% jumps to 29.99% APR if your spouse sends in the check late.

On a business level it is much worse. If your course of business has been to pay certain credit lines down late to a friendly creditor, it could now put you into default or cause an acceleration. We are also hearing that clients who have used revolving credit lines for years as part of their business model either for capitalization or to pay recurring expenses are suddenly finding that their credit lines have been terminated or drastically reduced as is permissible in the fine print of most such agreements. This is despite the fact that the client has had no change in income or credit. Banks are simply deciding that they have too much exposure and are proactively limiting your ability to draw that money out.

Solution? If you have a credit line that you know you are going to need or cannot risk losing – consider drawing the money out now and look at the interest cost like an insurance premium; you may not want to pay it but if you need the “insurance” of having that money available it will not be available at any cost, certainly not in any short term scenario.

There are services out there that we have referred friends and clients to with great results. For an investment of a few hundred dollars many negative or inaccurate items can be removed in a short period of time increasing your credit score by dozens of points.

Check your business and personal credit reports and see if they are accurate.
We are also seeing that banks that are in financial trouble and which need to reduce their outstanding debt balances are playing dirty tricks like re-appraising property they financed over 18 months ago to “current market value” at ridiculously low valuations then going back to the borrower and saying they need more collateral or they will call they note as the “fine print” entitled them to do. How bad can this be? In one case the bank re-appraised my client’s multi-million dollar commercial property at about 50% of current fair market value and wanted an additional seven figures in collateral. Fortunately, this client had sterling credit and good professional relationships that allowed him to re-finance at a lower rate with a more solvent and ethical bank.

Keep more of every dollar you earn. There are many things each of us could do to maximize our retained earnings. Again, now that money is harder to make, another way to increase revenue is to devote a small amount of resources to increasing efficiency.

These are just a few of the most obvious ways we see clients successfully achieving this goal:

Cost segregation Studies. These studies allow huge tax deductions now when you need them most as opposed to spread over 30 years at about 3% per year the way they are typically taken. Most commercial property, even leased, qualifies for the study and the deductions and we can even arrange for a free feasibility study for commercial property with an aggregate value of at least $1MM, an easily attainable entry level. As a bonus, you can ever re-capture lost depreciation for as much as the last 20 years!
Energy Studies. Again, owners of commercial properties are seeing energy tax credits of up to $1.80 per square foot when the study is completed and simple low cost changes are made. Would that kind of recurring savings be valuable enough to you to change the kinds of light bulbs you use and add a skylight? In most cases it is.

Increasing Business Tax Structure efficiency. You walk around turning off lights, but is your business tax structure maximized? One of my Associates, Mr. Tom Maguire of MCguire and Associates, as just one example, routinely saves both public and private corporation clients a significant amount of money on a re-occurring basis by refining and perfecting the choice of corporate formation, stock ownership options and identifying the most efficient business succession and executive compensation models. This goes far beyond the CPA taking the right deductions.

Increasing personal tax efficiency. We deal with high net worth clients every day and are continually surprised by the amount of money that they leave on the table for the government by not maximizing their legal options. For most, “just” a 401K is not adequate tax planning. Even if the money you save is “long term” or retirement money that cannot be used now, you still get to keep it. Many of the most sophisticated programs provide multiple benefits and may also serve or support goals like estate planning and asset protection.

One glaring example is the use of special life insurance policies with high cash values that grow tax free, allow withdrawals tax free, and which offer statutory protection against creditors in many states. As an example, in Arizona that creditor protected amount is “unlimited” after 24 months in a plan. Other examples of planning to consider includes section 79, post retirement medical reimbursement, 412i defined benefit programs. Don’t know where to start? Don’t worry, the right pofessionals can help show you which plans apply to your unique situation and which are guarantee of principle, no market risk, tax deductible and/or Asset Protected programs.

DEBT RESTRUCTURING WITH NEW COLLATERAL FRAUDULENT TRANSFER?

Attorney Mike King, Gammage & Burnham

Attorney Mike King, Gammage & Burnham

HOW CAN A DEBT RESTRUCTURING WITH NEW COLLATERAL POSSIBLY BE A FRAUDULENT TRANSFER?

 ANSWER:            LIENS MAY BE SET ASIDE AND DEBT PAYMENTS DISGORGED IF THE PARTIES PLEDGING THE ADDITIONAL COLLATERAL DID NOT RECEIVE VALUE REASONABLY EQUIVALENT TO THE OBLIGATIONS INCURRED.

You would think that curing a $2 billion loan default, restructuring loans and preventing further monetary defaults would be valuable to borrowers.  After all, being placed in loan default is seldom a good thing.  Nevertheless, certain lenders were chagrined to have their liens set aside and to be required to pay money into the bankruptcy estate of Tousa, Inc. because the entities providing new collateral did not get “reasonably equivalent value” for the new liens.  Tousa, Inc. v. Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors, 680 F.3d 1298 (11th Cir. 2012).

How did that happen?  Well, in 2006, Tousa was the thirteenth largest homebuilder in the country.  It grew rapidly in the expanding economy.  It acquired many smaller homebuilders and paid for the acquisitions with borrowed money. 

Unfortunately, by January, 2007, Tousa had defaulted on over $2 billion in loans!  The subsidiaries of Tousa were not responsible for the $2 billion in loans and had not pledged any collateral to secure those loans.  Nevertheless, Tousa was in danger of having a judgment entered against it for the indebtedness.  Such a judgment would have constituted an event of default on more than $1 billion of debt that was guaranteed by the subsidiaries.  Triggering a $1 billion default by the subsidiaries seems like something to be avoided!

Tousa settled with the secured lenders and agreed to pay more than $420 million to them.  To pay for the settlement, Tousa and some of its subsidiaries entered into new loans.  Citicorp syndicated two new loans to Tousa and some of its subsidiaries.  One new loan was for $200 million and was secured by first-priority liens on assets of the subsidiaries and Tousa.  The second loan was for $300 million secured by second-priority liens.  Both loan packages required that the funds be used to pay the $421 million settlement.  Bankruptcy for Tousa and the subsidiaries was averted (for the time being.) 

So why did the original lender have to pay back the money it received and why did the new lenders have to give up their liens? 

The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals noted:

Section 548(a)(1)(B) of the Bankruptcy Code provides for the avoidance of “any transfer . . . of an interest of the debtor in property, or any obligation . . . incurred by the debtor, that was made or incurred . . . within two years before the date of the filing” of the bankruptcy petition, if the debtor “received less than reasonably equivalent value in exchange for” the transfer or obligation, and the debtor (1) “was insolvent on the date such transfer was made or such obligation was incurred, or became insolvent as a result of such transfer or obligation;” (2) “was engaged in business or a transaction, or was about to engage in business or a transaction, for which any property remaining with the debtor was an unreasonably small capital;” or (3) “intended to incur, or believed that the debtor would incur, debts that would be beyond the debtor’s ability to pay as such debts matured.”

In re TOUSA, INC., 680 F.3d 1298 (11th Cir., 2012).  The new liens were thus fraudulent transfers and were set aside to the detriment of the new lenders. 

The old lenders were benefitted by that fraudulent transfer because they received the funds to pay the old debt.  Thus, the court made them pay the money back to the bankruptcy estate.  The lenders and the federal district court thought the rulings by the bankruptcy court were crazy!  The district court said that the ruling would be “inhibitory of contemporary financing practices. . . .”

There was a great deal of discussion in the case about the meaning of “reasonably equivalent value.”  Apparently, the bankruptcy court and the court of appeals believed that staving off a $1 billion default was not sufficient value for the loan restructuring! 

The Tousa case brings into question every loan modification or restructuring where a third party provides a new guarantee or additional collateral in order to induce the lender to extend or modify the existing defaulted obligation. 

The lenders in the Tousa case said the ruling “would impose ‘extraordinary’ duties of due diligence on the part of creditors accepting repayment.”  The creditors being repaid would need to make sure that the money for repayment was not somehow obtained through a fraudulent transfer.  The Eleventh Circuit did not think this was a big deal, however. 

But every creditor must exercise some diligence when receiving payment from a struggling debtor.  It is far from a drastic obligation to expect some diligence from a creditor when it is being repaid hundreds of millions of dollars by someone other than its debtor. 

Really?!  I thought the right of a secured creditor to be repaid the money it loaned to the debtor was simpler than that.  I guess next time we won’t allow any extensions or modifications and will simply foreclose on the collateral.  I’m sure that would be better for the debtors! 

If you need help with “diligence when receiving payment from a struggling debtor,” please let me know. 

 ABOUT OUR GUEST AUTHOR:

Mike King is a founding partner at the Phoenix Arizona  law firm of Gammage and Burnham. This material appears here with Mike’s permission. To learn more about him or for help with questions on this issue please reach him at mking@gblaw.com. Mike’s full bio is also available here: http://www.gblaw.com/people/attorneys/?attorney_id=3 where you can read more about his extensive experience on a variety of litigation and real estate related issues.

Medical Practice Liability Insurance Tune Up: The First Line of Defense

law and money for doctorsWe’ve previously detailed both the most common fatal flaws in physicians’ asset-protection planning and the reasons insurance alone is inadequate to protect doctors. Those issues aside, insurance against known and recurring exposures is always the essential first line of defense.
 
As you’ve seen in this column before, it is unreasonable to think that we can adequately insure against any and every possible loss or liability to an unlimited amount, but we can catch some of the big and predictable ones. Below is basic list to consider, along with an expert, which can explain the details and gaps common to many policies.

1. Adequate liability and loss coverage. It’s important to not only insure your physical facility for liability but also for loss and in an amount that adequately covers the structure, its replacement, the improvements you’ve made, and the fixtures and equipment at actual replacement value. Work with a reputable company that has national claims service offices, which can be held accountable under bad faith jeopardy and that is experienced in insuring businesses like yours.

2. Employment practices liability insurance. We’ve covered the issue of employment and the significant exposure it creates for every medical practice with employees in several articles in the past. It remains the number one exposure most practices face and sexual harassment awards average over $500K.

3. Data breach insurance. Make sure you are protected against the loss, theft, or intentional misuse of patient financial and HIPAA-protected information. Be careful about the use of mobile devices, laptops, and tablets and make sure they are covered as well. Have demonstrable security policies in place and enforce them; in some cases liability is based on your proactive efforts, or a lack of them.

4. Directors and officers insurance, a.k.a. D&O. We’ve covered this in detail recently; many physicians, practice managers and executives face severe civil and even criminal liability for their decisions, acts and omissions. Make sure those that have such responsibility are adequately insured against this additional professional liability.

5. Workers’ compensation insurance. This provides coverage for an employee who has suffered an injury or illness resulting from job-related duties. Coverage includes medical and rehabilitation costs and lost wages for employees injured on the job. The law in most states requires some form of workers’ compensation insurance and this protects the employer by limiting an employees right to sue for further damages.

6. RAC audit insurance. Any business that bills Medicare, Medicaid, or a private health-care provider should be prepared to be audited and have payments denied or classified as over-payments at some point. Defending against such an audit and the ensuing manpower demands the massive record production can create is stressful and expensive. There is coverage available to handle the various costs and exposures involved.

This list is no complete but is a good start in examining the adequacy of your risk management plan. As this week’s column is devoted to the practice itself, I’ll save a discussion of the personal coverage so crucial to practice owners themselves for a future column.

Be aware, however, that life, disability, and long-term care insurance are increasingly vital parts of doctors’ planning that need to be implemented in a tactical way and are often an extension of the practice’s own risk management and continuation plan.

 This article was originally written for and published by www.PhysiciansPractice.Com, The Nation’s Leading Practice Mgmt. Resource, where Mr. Devji is also a regular contributor. He works with a national client base from his office in Phoenix, Arizona. His legal practice is devoted solely to asset protection and wealth preservation.

Directors and Officers Liability Insurance Issues for Physicians

PHYSICIAN AND HEALTHCARE EXECUTIVE LIABILITYA commonly overlooked area of risk management in physician’s business and asset-protection planning is the need for “Directors and Officers” coverage, commonly referred to as D&O insurance.
 
In previous articles we have covered a variety of essential life, disability and liability insurance strategies, always the first line of defense. This week we examine the increasing risks faced by doctors in their expanding roles as business leaders, owners and executives.
 

D&O coverage is often confused with a variety of other forms of coverage with similar sounding acronyms and is often overlooked by doctors and insurance agents alike.

I consistently find that doctors who have been advised on a full suite of liability products by their local property and casualty insurance guru have no idea that D&O is even available or that it is distinct from their general liability, malpractice and E&O coverage.

As one example, I was recently referred a client that is the owner and president of a multi-state business that does $15 million a year in annual revenue. The business has a variety of regulatory requirements and, because it is being closely held and managed by my client, my client would certainly face directly personal liability for decisions, acts, and omissions he made in his executive capacity.

I asked him to contact his insurance agent and get quotes on D&O insurance adequate for his liability level and was shocked when the client called me back and said that his agent had informed him that, “You can’t get D&O coverage unless you are on the board of an HOA or a big corporation.”

Not only was the agent just plain wrong, he was too lazy to do a little research and make a sale to a client that actually needed help. To confirm I checked with liability insurance pro Dallas Cowan at Minard-Ames Insurance in Phoenix. Dallas was shocked, and confirmed that the insurance was available and that it was extremely important for owner/operators who don’t have the more diffuse liability found in the broader, deeper management structures of larger public or private corporations with multiple layers of management and a system of checks and balances under a board of directors. Put simply, fewer people in the executive chain means more blame for each person on wider range of issues, including up to the level of criminal liability even if the acts are committed without the executive’s direct knowledge or permission.

Getting the right policy for your role as a physician entrepreneur and executive involves having an expert agent that can explain the different types of coverage available under an E&O policy and what each one does. Policies are different and have different features and pricing. Dallas explained that the primary types of coverage include:

• Side A — for the officers and directors themselves

• Side B — for the corporation if it is required to indemnify

• Side C — for security claims

The scope of the liability for doctors is wider than most realize. You have all of the conventional medical practice related issues such as HIPAA compliance, Medicare and Medicaid billing regulations, and of course the policies and procedures related to care delivery itself. Add to that responsibility for issues ranging from waste disposal and employment policies to accounting and tax reporting and you begin to see the tip of the iceberg we are trying to avoid and protect you against.

This exposure applies not just to medical practices and related businesses like labs and medical supply, research and medical device and technology companies but also to a variety of other businesses that seek to include doctors on their boards and executive management teams for their knowledge, prestige and connections. Realize this liability extends beyond the business world into service on private foundations, charitable boards, and even boards of religious institutions; I’ve recently seen lawsuits against people on the boards of churches, synagogues, and mosques as well.

What does all this cost? It depends. Like nearly every other form of insurance it is underwriting specific and is based on your previous record, lawsuits and the policies and procedures you have in place to minimize the likelihood of an exposure and an insurance claim in the first place. That said, in one recent internal lawsuit in a business without D&O insurance in place the legal defense bills exceeded $250K paid out of pocket by the principals; the insurance would have been pennies on the dollar of that amount.

Ike Devji has a national Asset Protection legal practice and is a frequent guest speaker and teacher on asset Protection and Risk Management issues for doctors at medical conferences across the United States. He is also a regular contributor to Physicians Practice, where he has over 100 bylines and where this article originally appeared.

HIPAA EXPOSURE GETS EVEN MORE ONEROUS – Medical Practice

BUSINESS AND MEDICAL PRACTICE OWNER LAIBILITYAs we’ve discussed in several previous articles, insurance that covers corporate and executive liabilities in an essential first line of defense, including Data Breach or Cyber Liability Coverage for doctors. This coverage grew even more important on Jan 25, 2013 as DHS provided additional rules and liability for medical practices which go into effect on March 26, 2013.

The liability level for breach and exposure of HIPAA protected data gets even more serious this week. According to OH health care attorney Joe Feltes:

“Physicians need to dust off their old HIPAA policies and NPPs, review them with legal counsel, and update them to meet these new requirements aimed at safeguarding patient privacy in a brave new post health care reform world.”

The whole story is available here: http://www.mdnews.com/news/2013_02/hipaas-new-
563-page-mega-rule.aspx 

RELATED – See More Here:

Data Breach and Employment Liability Insurance for Doctors:

http://www.proassetprotection.com/2010/11/two-types-of-liability-insurance-your-practice-needs-and-likley-lacks/

Director’s and Officer’s Insurance for Doctor’s:

http://www.physicianspractice.com/blog/directors-and-officers-liability-insurance-issues-physicians

Bad Advice Doctors, Business Owners Get from Financial Advisors

BUSINESS AND MEDICAL PRACTICE OWNER LAIBILITY

As we have discussed here multiple times in the past, the most effective wealth preservation planning has four key components: tax planning, legal planning, investment planning, and insurance planning. Fortunately more advisors from different disciplines are adopting a more holistic view of their clients and educating themselves in a variety of areas outside their own primary practice area in order to be of greater value and part of a real team.

Unfortunately, misinformation, bad habits, and “wives tales” continue to plague doctors and create or ignore serious financial exposures.

The following bad advice comes from a variety of sources, including CPAs, financial advisors, and, perhaps most shockingly, estate-planning and general business attorneys who have handled foundational planning for physicians and are often just reluctant to admit that they overlooked an area of planning.

1. You’re not risky enough to worry about asset-protection planning. This common bad advice plays into the idea that the risk picture you have of yourself is accurate or complete. We all have a specific “risk picture” and things we consider to pose the greatest risk to ourselves and our assets; that picture is distorted. My experience over the last ten years as a defensive planner is that while we must plan against the most obvious and likely exposures, it is most often the issue we never thought of that will create the biggest exposure. This includes the medical malpractice exposure doctors face, as we have explained in past discussions financial exposures and employee lawsuits have been much more frequent sources of serious and recurring exposure. 

2. You have a big umbrella policy; you don’t need anything else. I recently met with a couple in their 60s that had married later in life. Each of them had been previously married, successful, and brought their own children and substantial assets to the relationship, north of $5 million each. After a review we discovered that the retired physician had, as one of his investments, a nutraceutical company that he closely held, managed and for which he formulated products.*

We prescribed a system of legal tools and specific risk management measures. The result would have been to reduce their collectability from seven figures each to less than $200K each. Upon review of the suggested plan, both their CPA and estate planner felt that they were low risk and did not need any measures in place beyond the liability insurance and seven-figure umbrella policy they had in place.

While I fully agree that umbrella is a good idea, it is the height of naïveté to think that a personal liability umbrella, no matter how high the limits are, would be adequate to cover risks we’ve previously covered in areas like employment lawsuits, events of data breach, and liability related to their roles as directors and officers of corporations, which we covered in detail last week. However, because the couple and their advisors could point to no immediate, specific known threat, they chose to remain unprotected, with the sum of their lives’ work exposed to any twist of fate. The essential problem? If they are wrong it is doubtful that they will be able to replace 40 years of work given their age the prevailing economic conditions.

While this list is not complete it identifies the basic underlying issues and attitudes that are allowing this misinformation to spread. The idea is simple; we can’t predict where, if ever, an exposure will occur for any particular individual, so you must aggressively plan and defend yourself against as many risks as reasonably possible while you still have an opportunity to do so.

Consider this simple analogy. Almost every person reading this has liability insurance that includes coverage for fire damage to their home, yet when I ask rooms full of doctors across the country how many of them have ever had a house burn down I’ve never seen more than a single hand raised. The number of hands in the air when I ask how many people have ever been involved in lawsuit of any kind is substantially higher. If this is the level of cousnel you are getting, perhsps it’s time to investigate more sophisticated help that understands and will help adress your liability

*minor identifying details changed.

For a more complete look at myths and misconceptions that cost people everything, see the article “Common Fatal Flaws of Asset Protection” here: http://www.proassetprotection.com/2010/10/common-fatal-flaws-of-asset-protection-planning/
 
This article orginally appeared at www.PhysiciansPractice.com , The Nation’s Leading Practice Managment Resource, where Ike Devji is a regular contributor.

10 Survival Tips on Asset Protection for Real Estate Investors & Owners

 

ASSET PROTECTION - REAL ESTATEReal estate management issues fall into several basic categories: debt, liability, and loss. We provide an introduction to these issues to help you get your house in order below. As many business owners and physicians also have investment in real estate outside their business itself, I’ve included issues of wide applicably.

Debt

The nature of real estate debt and the significant guarantees that often accompany it can have grave consequences. We’ve covered some of these in detail including the effects of real-estate investments on physicians’ financial solvency.

Make sure you clearly understand the limits and extents of the personal guarantees you sign. Many investors are signing as “jointly and severally liable” for 100 percent of the total debt when they only own 20 percent of the deal, as one example. Limit your liability share to your ownership share and understand if the loan you are signing for is a “non-recourse” loan or not.

Have your leases, indemnity agreements, and other legal docs drafted by a lawyer, or at least reviewed by a lawyer BEFORE you use them. Asking us what we think after the fact is useless. Always have these agreements reviewed by an experienced real estate attorney. Having your brother-in-law the DUI lawyer look at it could be the most expensive $500 you ever saved.

Don’t sign blanket personal guarantees, be specific in what you agree to collateralize as much as possible or the bank will value what you own at pennies on the dollar and try to take it all.

Get professional accounting help to maximize tax deductions. Use strategies like energy studies and cost segregation studies to reduce your fixed long term costs and maximize what you keep. Some real estate lawyers and accounting firms also offer “lease audits” these verify all the mysterious monthly expense add-ons you may face if you rent rather than own the building, the calculations are often wrong, and not in your favor.

Liability

Protect yourself from your , clients or patients (or renters, their guests, and business invitees); you are liable for their health, welfare, and safety related to the property and conditions on it. Have specific leases, written policies on conduct and the use of the properties and penalties for violating them. Insure yourself to hilt against liability incurred on the property. You will almost always be more collectible and better lawsuit target than your renters. That said, don’t ever forget that insurance alone is just one layer of defense and is not adequate protection.

Don’t put too many eggs in one basket. Divide properties based on use, equity, and danger or liability. If you have multiple pieces of property in a single LLC, for instance, remember that ALL of them are potentially at stake for an exposure at one property.

Implement personal asset protection planning and consult with legal counsel on how you are protected and which of your other personal assets are at risk and should be made legally distinct. If he or she says, “just by more insurance” fire them and get better help.

Loss

Adequately insure yourself against loss and property damage, as distinct from liability. Use only top rated national carriers that you can sue for bad faith if they don’t pay under the policy as they should. Yes, this is common, “bad-faith” lawyers exist for a reason. Remember that vacant property is often not covered by general loss and liability insurance after as few as 30 days if you don’t let the insurance company know and pay them extra.

Get ALL the right insurance. If you are a owner/manager you need general liability, E&O (like professional malpractice), and potentially D&O insurance (directors and officers) if you are a director or officer of a company that may be personally named for professional acts or omissions, i.e. “I made the call that reinforcing the balcony railing was too expensive and not required at the property…”

As always, act today, anything you do after an exposure is more expensive and less likely to work. Be proactive and tactical in defending what you have earned.

Attorney Ike Devji has a decade of practice devoted exclusively to Asset Protection and Wealth Preservation planning. He works with a national client base including 1000’s of physicians and business owners often through their local attorney, CPA or financial advisor. Together, he and his associates protect billions of dollars in personal assets for these clients. Ike also regularly writes, teaches and speaks on these issues to executives, physicians and other professionals nationally. See his work in WORTH, Advisor Today, Physician’s Practice and at www.ProAssetProtection.Com

 As always, the information presented here is general and educational and can never replace the advice of experienced counsel specific to your assets or situation.  

© 2013 Ike Devji, J.D.